Projective representations of quivers

We prove that P1 →f P2 is a projective representation of a quiver Q=•→• if and only if P1 and P2 are projective left R-modules, f is an injection, and f (P 1)⊂P 2 is a summand. Then, we generalize the result so that a representation M1 →f1  M2  →f2⋯→fn−2  Mn−1→fn−1  Mn of a quiver Q=•→•→•⋯•→•→• is projective representation if and only if each Mi is a projective left R-module and the representation is a direct sum of projective representations

Asymmetric effects of online consumer reviews

Consumers tend to seek heuristic information cues to simplify the amount of information involved in tourist decisions. Accordingly, star ratings in online reviews are a critical heuristic element of the perceived evaluation of online consumer information. The objective of this article is to assess the effect of review ratings on usefulness and enjoyment. The empirical application is carried out on a sample of 5,090 reviews of 45 restaurants in London and New York. The results show that people perceive extreme ratings (positive or negative) as more useful and enjoyable than moderate ratings, giving rise to a U-shaped line, with asymmetric effects: the size of the effect of online reviews depends on whether they are positive or negative

Nonresponse Bias in Internet-based Advertising Conversion Studies

This study examines the extent of nonresponse bias in online advertising conversion studies. Two indicators (i.e., conversion rates and travel expenditure) assessing the tourism advertising effectiveness were compared using unweighted and weighted data sets. The results of this study using 24 locations throughout the U. S. confirm the conclusions of previous studies, showing consistent overestimates in advertising effectiveness. Several methodological and managerial implications of these findings are discussed

Differentiated effect of advertising: Joint vs. separate consumption

In a context of intense competition, cooperative advertising between firms is critical. Accordingly, the objective of this article is to analyze the potential differentiated effect of advertising on two basic consumption patterns: individual products (i.e. hotel, restaurant) vs. bundle (i.e. hotel + restaurant). This research adds to the extant literature in that, for the first time, this potential differentiated effect is examined through a hierarchical modelling framework that reflects the way people make their decisions: first, they decide whether to visit or not a region; second, whether to purchase an advertised product in that region; and third, whether to buy products together or separately at the region. The empirical analysis, applied to a sample of 11,288 individuals, shows that the influence of advertising is positive for the decisions to visit and to purchase; however, when it comes to the joint or separate consumption, advertising has a differentiated effect: its impact is much greater on the joint alternative (“hotel + restaurant”) than the separate options (“hotel” and “restaurant”). Also, the variable distance moderates the advertising effect

Modeling Tourism Advertising Conversion in the United States

This study attempts to develop tourism advertising conversion modeling throughout the United States. Geographic and demographic data were taken into account for developing the model using multivariate technique such as logistic regression and CHAID. The results of this research showed that residence states are the most important factor affecting the conversion and interestingly, the information that is relevant with the focal destination is more important than number of brochure information travelers received. This research ends with discussion of theoretical and practical implications for destination marketing

Metrics for Destination Marketing in An Era of Interactive Marketing

Destination marketing has shifted from one-to-many and one-one to completely interactive communication, and therefore requires new metrics which reflect the immersive nature of marketing interactivity. These metrics include traditional quantifiable outcomes such as awareness, brand position, and product purchase but, because of the transformation of destination marketing, must include a range of new metrics which reflect the social structure of the Internet. This paper proposes a number of metrics that destination marketing organizations should use to evaluate the effectiveness of their marketing efforts

Differentiation of Tourism Online Information Channels through Information Search Activities

This study argues that since information search activities of online travel planners are outcome oriented, the selection of tourism online information channels is highly predictable. Building upon this assumption, this study examined the extent to which one could differentiate tourism online information channels through the online information search activities of online travel. The results of a series of logistic regression analyses of online American travelers confirm that there are significant and meaningful differences in the core functions of the various online information channels. The online travelers select different information channels based on different needs such as booking, generating ideas. Thus, the results of this study clearly suggest that tourism marketers can develop their competitive advantage by structuring their advertising program to match the information needs of those travelers based upon information channel

Backpackers’ perceived risks towards smartphone usage and risk reduction strategies : a mixed methods study

Abstract: Backpackers' travel ideology and experiences are increasingly being mediated by mobile phones (i.e. smart- phones). This study explored their risk perceptions towards smartphone usage and consequent risk reduction strategies. Importantly, this paper proposes an integrated model of perceived risk combining technology and destination related risk factors. Employing a quantitative-dominant concurrent nested mixed methods approach, 567 surveys (Study A) and 15 in depth, semi-structured interviews (Study B) were conducted in Ghana. Evidently, backpackers’ perceived risk towards smartphone usage is a function of both information technology and destination related risks. Their risk concerns are inhibited by trust in smartphones, innovativeness and familiarity. Levels of trust had a significant positive impact on their intentions to reuse the device, as did their satisfaction levels with the device and travel. Backpackers used a mix of both cognitive and non-cognitive measures to manage their risk perceptions. The theoretical, practical and methodological contributions of the study are discussed

Mobile Technology, Everyday Experience and Travel

Connected mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets have evolved into extremely effective tools that support travelers. In order to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between everyday use of connected mobile devices and the travel experience, this study explores the mechanisms shaping the changes of travel experience through a two-stage model. The first stage describes the factors in people’s daily lives influencing the use of connected mobile devices. The second stage describes the impact of use of mobile devices on different dimensions of the travel experience. The results of this study confirm that the use of mobile devices in daily life is significantly correlated with use of mobile devices in the travel context. However, the results point to a need for a stronger theoretical foundation identifying the processes shaping the transition from the daily context to travel